The Beauty in the Beast

Rising in the East, by DarrilAsylum on DeviantART

Tale as old as time

True as it can be

Barely even friends

Then somebody bends

Unexpectedly

Just a little change

Small to say the least

Both a little scared

Neither one prepared

Beauty and the beast

Ever just the same

Ever a surprise

Ever as before and ever just as sure as the sun will rise

 *Disney's Beauty and the Beast, Title Song

Beauty & the Beast by Gabriel Pacheco

While simple in execution these words paint an emotion harnessed by the classic Beauty and the Beast. Beauty and the Beast rests upon the minds shelf next to the likes of Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Rapunzel. And while it seems this is where it belongs it is incomparable to the others. Most princess tales follow a heroine who is catapult into adversity by an enchantment or social displacement. While Beauty and the Beast graces those common threads it provides a deeper exploration into compassion, a journey where the heroines destiny is to unveil another’s truth. Its message is in ways within the title and perhaps often overlooked, Beauty and the Beast or the Beauty in the Beast. 

Beauty & the Beast by Anne Anderson

Beauty and the Beast is easily attributed to the likes of the Brothers Grimm but like so many works was a collected tale. There is a noble eloquence and sensual dynamic that allegorically represents the country of its origin, France.  While the tale was originally conceived by novelist Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve, in 1740(,it is believed by scholars at multiple universities that tale is older than 4,ooo years).  The original tale was exceptionally lengthy and later abridged and rewritten by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, in 1756. This version which appeared in Magasin des enfants is the common version we are now familiar with. Both women contributed to the overall essence and emotional core of this tale, perhaps this is why the tale stands a bit on its own. These tales in turn would eventually see adaptations throughout the whole of Europe with incarnations on the stage with theatre and opera.

The later abridged tale is as follows:  

 Beauty and the Beast:

Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumont

Gordon Laite 1959

There was once a very rich merchant, who had six children, three sons, and three daughters; being a man of sense, he spared no cost for their education, but gave them all kinds of masters. His daughters were extremely handsome, especially the youngest. When she was little everybody admired her, and called her "The little Beauty;" so that, as she grew up, she still went by the name of Beauty, which made her sisters very jealous.

The youngest, as she was handsomer, was also better than her sisters. The two eldest had a great deal of pride, because they were rich. They gave themselves ridiculous airs, and would not visit other merchants' daughters, nor keep company with any but persons of quality. They went out every day to parties of pleasure, balls, plays, concerts, and so forth, and they laughed at their youngest sister, because she spent the greatest part of her time in reading good books.

As it was known that they were great fortunes, several eminent merchants made their addresses to them; but the two eldest said, they would never marry, unless they could meet with a duke, or an earl at least. Beauty very civilly thanked them that courted her, and told them she was too young yet to marry, but chose to stay with her father a few years longer.

Mercer Mayer

All at once the merchant lost his whole fortune, excepting a small country house at a great distance from town, and told his children with tears in his eyes, they must go there and work for their living. The two eldest answered, that they would not leave the town, for they had several lovers, who they were sure would be glad to have them, though they had no fortune; but the good ladies were mistaken, for their lovers slighted and forsook them in their poverty. As they were not beloved on account of their pride, everybody said; they do not deserve to be pitied, we are very glad to see their pride humbled, let them go and give themselves quality airs in milking the cows and minding their dairy. But, added they, we are extremely concerned for Beauty, she was such a charming, sweet-tempered creature, spoke so kindly to poor people, and was of such an affable, obliging behavior. Nay, several gentlemen would have married her, though they knew she had not a penny; but she told them she could not think of leaving her poor father in his misfortunes, but was determined to go along with him into the country to comfort and attend him. Poor Beauty at first was sadly grieved at the loss of her fortune; "but," said she to herself, "were I to cry ever so much, that would not make things better, I must try to make myself happy without a fortune."

When they came to their country house, the merchant and his three sons applied themselves to husbandry and tillage; and Beauty rose at four in the morning, and made haste to have the house clean, and dinner ready for the family. In the beginning she found it very difficult, for she had not been used to work as a servant, but in less than two months she grew stronger and healthier than ever. After she had done her work, she read, played on the harpsichord, or else sung whilst she spun.

On the contrary, her two sisters did not know how to spend their time; they got up at ten, and did nothing but saunter about the whole day, lamenting the loss of their fine clothes and acquaintance. "Do but see our youngest sister," said they, one to the other, "what a poor, stupid, mean-spirited creature she is, to be contented with such an unhappy dismal situation."

Warwick Goble

The good merchant was of quite a different opinion; he knew very well that Beauty outshone her sisters, in her person as well as her mind, and admired her humility and industry, but above all her humility and patience; for her sisters not only left her all the work of the house to do, but insulted her every moment.

The family had lived about a year in this retirement, when the merchant received a letter with an account that a vessel, on board of which he had effects, was safely arrived. This news had liked to have turned the heads of the two eldest daughters, who immediately flattered themselves with the hopes of returning to town, for they were quite weary of a country life; and when they saw their father ready to set out, they begged of him to buy them new gowns, headdresses, ribbons, and all manner of trifles; but Beauty asked for nothing for she thought to herself, that all the money her father was going to receive, would scarce be sufficient to purchase everything her sisters wanted.

"What will you have, Beauty?" said her father.

Hilary Knight 1990

"Since you have the goodness to think of me," answered she, "be so kind to bring me a rose, for as none grows hereabouts, they are a kind of rarity." Not that Beauty cared for a rose, but she asked for something, lest she should seem by her example to condemn her sisters' conduct, who would have said she did it only to look particular.

The good man went on his journey, but when he came there, they went to law with him about the merchandise, and after a great deal of trouble and pains to no purpose, he came back as poor as before.

He was within thirty miles of his own house, thinking on the pleasure he should have in seeing his children again, when going through a large forest he lost himself. It rained and snowed terribly; besides, the wind was so high, that it threw him twice off his horse, and night coming on, he began to apprehend being either starved to death with cold and hunger, or else devoured by the wolves, whom he heard howling all round him, when, on a sudden, looking through a long walk of trees, he saw a light at some distance, and going on a little farther perceived it came from a palace illuminated from top to bottom. The merchant returned God thanks for this happy discovery, and hastened to the place, but was greatly surprised at not meeting with any one in the outer courts. His horse followed him, and seeing a large stable open, went in, and finding both hay and oats, the poor beast, who was almost famished, fell to eating very heartily; the merchant tied him up to the manger, and walking towards the house, where he saw no one, but entering into a large hall, he found a good fire, and a table plentifully set out with but one cover laid. As he was wet quite through with the rain and snow, he drew near the fire to dry himself. "I hope," said he, "the master of the house, or his servants will excuse the liberty I take; I suppose it will not be long before some of them appear."

He waited a considerable time, until it struck eleven, and still nobody came. At last he was so hungry that he could stay no longer, but took a chicken, and ate it in two mouthfuls, trembling all the while. After this he drank a few glasses of wine, and growing more courageous he went out of the hall, and crossed through several grand apartments with magnificent furniture, until he came into a chamber, which had an exceeding good bed in it, and as he was very much fatigued, and it was past midnight, he concluded it was best to shut the door, and go to bed.

Eleanor Vere Boyle

            It was ten the next morning before the merchant waked, and as he was going to rise he was astonished to see a good suit of clothes in the room of his own, which were quite spoiled; certainly, said he, this palace belongs to some kind fairy, who has seen and pitied my distress. He looked through a window, but instead of snow saw the most delightful arbors, interwoven with the beautifullest flowers that were ever beheld. He then returned to the great hall, where he had supped the night before, and found some chocolate ready made on a little table. "Thank you, good Madam Fairy," said he aloud, "for being so careful, as to provide me a breakfast; I am extremely obliged to you for all your favors."

The good man drank his chocolate, and then went to look for his horse, but passing through an arbor of roses he remembered Beauty's request to him, and gathered a branch on which were several; immediately he heard a great noise, and saw such a frightful Beast coming towards him, that he was ready to faint away.

Pinterest

"You are very ungrateful," said the Beast to him, in a terrible voice; "I have saved your life by receiving you into my castle, and, in return, you steal my roses, which I value beyond any thing in the universe, but you shall die for it; I give you but a quarter of an hour to prepare yourself, and say your prayers."

The merchant fell on his knees, and lifted up both his hands, "My lord," said he, "I beseech you to forgive me, indeed I had no intention to offend in gathering a rose for one of my daughters, who desired me to bring her one."

Walter Crane

"My name is not My Lord," replied the monster, "but Beast; I don't love compliments, not I. I like people to speak as they think; and so do not imagine, I am to be moved by any of your flattering speeches. But you say you have got daughters. I will forgive you, on condition that one of them come willingly, and suffer for you. Let me have no words, but go about your business, and swear that if your daughter refuse to die in your stead, you will return within three months."

The merchant had no mind to sacrifice his daughters to the ugly monster, but he thought, in obtaining this respite, he should have the satisfaction of seeing them once more, so he promised, upon oath, he would return, and the Beast told him he might set out when he pleased, "but," added he, "you shall not depart empty handed; go back to the room where you lay, and you will see a great empty chest; fill it with whatever you like best, and I will send it to your home," and at the same time Beast withdrew.

"Well," said the good man to himself, "if I must die, I shall have the comfort, at least, of leaving something to my poor children." He returned to the bedchamber, and finding a great quantity of broad pieces of gold, he filled the great chest the Beast had mentioned, locked it, and afterwards took his horse out of the stable, leaving the palace with as much grief as he had entered it with joy. The horse, of his own accord, took one of the roads of the forest, and in a few hours the good man was at home.

Walter Crane

His children came round him, but instead of receiving their embraces with pleasure, he looked on them, and holding up the branch he had in his hands, he burst into tears. "Here, Beauty," said he, "take these roses, but little do you think how dear they are like to cost your unhappy father," and then related his fatal adventure. Immediately the two eldest set up lamentable outcries, and said all manner of ill-natured things to Beauty, who did not cry at all.

"Do but see the pride of that little wretch," said they; "she would not ask for fine clothes, as we did; but no truly, Miss wanted to distinguish herself, so now she will be the death of our poor father, and yet she does not so much as shed a tear."

"Why should I," answered Beauty, "it would be very needless, for my father shall not suffer upon my account, since the monster will accept of one of his daughters, I will deliver myself up to all his fury, and I am very happy in thinking that my death will save my father's life, and be a proof of my tender love for him."

"No, sister," said her three brothers, "that shall not be, we will go find the monster, and either kill him, or perish in the attempt."

"Do not imagine any such thing, my sons," said the merchant, "Beast's power is so great, that I have no hopes of your overcoming him. I am charmed with Beauty's kind and generous offer, but I cannot yield to it. I am old, and have not long to live, so can only loose a few years, which I regret for your sakes alone, my dear children."

"Indeed father," said Beauty, "you shall not go to the palace without me, you cannot hinder me from following you." It was to no purpose all they could say. Beauty still insisted on setting out for the fine palace, and her sisters were delighted at it, for her virtue and amiable qualities made them envious and jealous.

Mercer Mayer

The merchant was so afflicted at the thoughts of losing his daughter, that he had quite forgot the chest full of gold, but at night when he retired to rest, no sooner had he shut his chamber door, than, to his great astonishment, he found it by his bedside; he was determined, however, not to tell his children, that he was grown rich, because they would have wanted to return to town, and he was resolved not to leave the country; but he trusted Beauty with the secret, who informed him, that two gentlemen came in his absence, and courted her sisters; she begged her father to consent to their marriage, and give them fortunes, for she was so good, that she loved them and forgave heartily all their ill usage. These wicked creatures rubbed their eyes with an onion to force some tears when they parted with their sister, but her brothers were really concerned. Beauty was the only one who did not shed tears at parting, because she would not increase their uneasiness.

The horse took the direct road to the palace, and towards evening they perceived it illuminated as at first. The horse went of himself into the stable, and the good man and his daughter came into the great hall, where they found a table splendidly served up, and two covers. The merchant had no heart to eat, but Beauty, endeavoring to appear cheerful, sat down to table, and helped him. "Afterwards," thought she to herself, "Beast surely has a mind to fatten me before he eats me, since he provides such plentiful entertainment." When they had supped they heard a great noise, and the merchant, all in tears, bid his poor child, farewell, for he thought Beast was coming. Beauty was sadly terrified at his horrid form, but she took courage as well as she could, and the monster having asked her if she came willingly; "ye -- e -- es," said she, trembling.

Mercer Mayer

The beast responded, "You are very good, and I am greatly obliged to you; honest man, go your ways tomorrow morning, but never think of coming here again."

"Farewell Beauty, farewell Beast," answered he, and immediately the monster withdrew. "Oh, daughter," said the merchant, embracing Beauty, "I am almost frightened to death, believe me, you had better go back, and let me stay here."

"No, father," said Beauty, in a resolute tone, "you shall set out tomorrow morning, and leave me to the care and protection of providence." They went to bed, and thought they should not close their eyes all night; but scarce were they laid down, than they fell fast asleep, and Beauty dreamed, a fine lady came, and said to her, "I am content, Beauty, with your good will, this good action of yours in giving up your own life to save your father's shall not go unrewarded." Beauty waked, and told her father her dream, and though it helped to comfort him a little, yet he could not help crying bitterly, when he took leave of his dear child.

As soon as he was gone, Beauty sat down in the great hall, and fell a crying likewise; but as she was mistress of a great deal of resolution, she recommended herself to God, and resolved not to be uneasy the little time she had to live; for she firmly believed Beast would eat her up that night.

Beauty & the Beast by Hilary Knight

However, she thought she might as well walk about until then, and view this fine castle, which she could not help admiring; it was a delightful pleasant place, and she was extremely surprised at seeing a door, over which was written, "Beauty's Apartment." She opened it hastily, and was quite dazzled with the magnificence that reigned throughout; but what chiefly took up her attention, was a large library, a harpsichord, and several music books. "Well," said she to herself, "I see they will not let my time hang heavy upon my hands for want of amusement." Then she reflected, "Were I but to stay here a day, there would not have been all these preparations." This consideration inspired her with fresh courage; and opening the library she took a book, and read these words, in letters of gold:

Welcome Beauty, banish fear,

 You are queen and mistress here.

 Speak your wishes, speak your will,

 Swift obedience meets them still.

"Alas," said she, with a sigh, "there is nothing I desire so much as to see my poor father, and know what he is doing." She had no sooner said this, when casting her eyes on a great looking glass, to her great amazement, she saw her own home, where her father arrived with a very dejected countenance. Her sisters went to meet him, and notwithstanding their endeavors to appear sorrowful, their joy, felt for having got rid of their sister, was visible in every feature. A moment after, everything disappeared, and Beauty's apprehensions at this proof of Beast's complaisance.

At noon she found dinner ready, and while at table, was entertained with an excellent concert of music, though without seeing anybody. But at night, as she was going to sit down to supper, she heard the noise Beast made, and could not help being sadly terrified. "Beauty," said the monster, "will you give me leave to see you sup?"

"That is as you please," answered Beauty trembling.

"No," replied the Beast, "you alone are mistress here; you need only bid me gone, if my presence is troublesome, and I will immediately withdraw. But, tell me, do not you think me very ugly?"

"That is true," said Beauty, "for I cannot tell a lie, but I believe you are very good natured."

"So I am," said the monster, "but then, besides my ugliness, I have no sense; I know very well, that I am a poor, silly, stupid creature."

Walter Crane

"'Tis no sign of folly to think so," replied Beauty, "for never did fool know this, or had so humble a conceit of his own understanding."

"Eat then, Beauty," said the monster, "and endeavor to amuse yourself in your palace, for everything here is yours, and I should be very uneasy, if you were not happy."

"You are very obliging," answered Beauty, "I own I am pleased with your kindness, and when I consider that, your deformity scarce appears."

"Yes, yes," said the Beast, "my heart is good, but still I am a monster."

"Among mankind," says Beauty, "there are many that deserve that name more than you, and I prefer you, just as you are, to those, who, under a human form, hide a treacherous, corrupt, and ungrateful heart."

Eleanor Vere Boyle

           "If I had sense enough," replied the Beast, "I would make a fine compliment to thank you, but I am so dull, that I can only say, I am greatly obliged to you."

Beauty ate a hearty supper, and had almost conquered her dread of the monster; but she had like to have fainted away, when he said to her, "Beauty, will you be my wife?"

She was some time before she dared answer, for she was afraid of making him angry, if she refused. At last, however, she said trembling, "no Beast." Immediately the poor monster went to sigh, and hissed so frightfully, that the whole palace echoed. But Beauty soon recovered her fright, for Beast having said, in a mournful voice, "then farewell, Beauty," left the room; and only turned back, now and then, to look at her as he went out.

When Beauty was alone, she felt a great deal of compassion for poor Beast. "Alas," said she, "'tis thousand pities, anything so good natured should be so ugly."

Paul Gustave Louis Chistophe Dore

Beauty spent three months very contentedly in the palace. Every evening Beast paid her a visit, and talked to her, during supper, very rationally, with plain good common sense, but never with what the world calls wit; and Beauty daily discovered some valuable qualifications in the monster, and seeing him often had so accustomed her to his deformity, that, far from dreading the time of his visit, she would often look on her watch to see when it would be nine, for the Beast never missed coming at that hour. There was but one thing that gave Beauty any concern, which was, that every night, before she went to bed, the monster always asked her, if she would be his wife. One day she said to him, "Beast, you make me very uneasy, I wish I could consent to marry you, but I am too sincere to make you believe that will ever happen; I shall always esteem you as a friend, endeavor to be satisfied with this."

           "I must," said the Beast, "for, alas! I know too well my own misfortune, but then I love you with the tenderest affection. However, I ought to think myself happy, that you will stay here; promise me never to leave me."

Beauty blushed at these words; she had seen in her glass, that her father had pined himself sick for the loss of her, and she longed to see him again. "I could," answered she, "indeed, promise never to leave you entirely, but I have so great a desire to see my father, that I shall fret to death, if you refuse me that satisfaction."

"I had rather die myself," said the monster, "than give you the least uneasiness. I will send you to your father, you shall remain with him, and poor Beast will die with grief."

"No," said Beauty, weeping, "I love you too well to be the cause of your death. I give you my promise to return in a week. You have shown me that my sisters are married, and my brothers gone to the army; only let me stay a week with my father, as he is alone."

Beauty & the Beast by Brent Hollowell

"You shall be there tomorrow morning," said the Beast, "but remember your promise. You need only lay your ring on a table before you go to bed, when you have a mind to come back. Farewell Beauty." Beast sighed, as usual, bidding her good night, and Beauty went to bed very sad at seeing him so afflicted. When she waked the next morning, she found herself at her father's, and having rung a little bell, that was by her bedside, she saw the maid come, who, the moment she saw her, gave a loud shriek, at which the good man ran up stairs, and thought he should have died with joy to see his dear daughter again. He held her fast locked in his arms above a quarter of an hour. As soon as the first transports were over, Beauty began to think of rising, and was afraid she had no clothes to put on; but the maid told her, that she had just found, in the next room, a large trunk full of gowns, covered with gold and diamonds. Beauty thanked good Beast for his kind care, and taking one of the plainest of them, she intended to make a present of the others to her sisters. She scarce had said so when the trunk disappeared. Her father told her, that Beast insisted on her keeping them herself, and immediately both gowns and trunk came back again.

Beauty dressed herself, and in the meantime they sent to her sisters who hastened thither with their husbands. They were both of them very unhappy. The eldest had married a gentleman, extremely handsome indeed, but so fond of his own person, that he was full of nothing but his own dear self, and neglected his wife. The second had married a man of wit, but he only made use of it to plague and torment everybody, and his wife most of all. Beauty's sisters sickened with envy, when they saw her dressed like a princess, and more beautiful than ever, nor could all her obliging affectionate behavior stifle their jealousy, which was ready to burst when she told them how happy she was. They went down into the garden to vent it in tears; and said one to the other, in what way is this little creature better than us, that she should be so much happier? "Sister," said the oldest, "a thought just strikes my mind; let us endeavor to detain her above a week, and perhaps the silly monster will be so enraged at her for breaking her word, that he will devour her."

Beauty by Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone 1977

"Right, sister," answered the other, "therefore we must show her as much kindness as possible." After they had taken this resolution, they went up, and behaved so affectionately to their sister, that poor Beauty wept for joy. When the week was expired, they cried and tore their hair, and seemed so sorry to part with her, that she promised to stay a week longer.

In the meantime, Beauty could not help reflecting on herself, for the uneasiness she was likely to cause poor Beast, whom she sincerely loved, and really longed to see again. The tenth night she spent at her father's, she dreamed she was in the palace garden, and that she saw Beast extended on the grass plat, who seemed just expiring, and, in a dying voice, reproached her with her ingratitude. Beauty started out of her sleep, and bursting into tears. "Am I not very wicked," said she, "to act so unkindly to Beast, that has studied so much, to please me in everything? Is it his fault if he is so ugly, and has so little sense? He is kind and good, and that is sufficient. Why did I refuse to marry him? I should be happier with the monster than my sisters are with their husbands; it is neither wit, nor a fine person, in a husband, that makes a woman happy, but virtue, sweetness of temper, and complaisance, and Beast has all these valuable qualifications. It is true, I do not feel the tenderness of affection for him, but I find I have the highest gratitude, esteem, and friendship; I will not make him miserable, were I to be so ungrateful I should never forgive myself." Beauty having said this, rose, put her ring on the table, and then laid down again; scarce was she in bed before she fell asleep, and when she waked the next morning, she was overjoyed to find herself in the Beast's palace.

Edmund Dulac

She put on one of her richest suits to please him, and waited for evening with the utmost impatience, at last the wished-for hour came, the clock struck nine, yet no Beast appeared. Beauty then feared she had been the cause of his death; she ran crying and wringing her hands all about the palace, like one in despair; after having sought for him everywhere, she recollected her dream, and flew to the canal in the garden, where she dreamed she saw him. There she found poor Beast stretched out, quite senseless, and, as she imagined, dead. She threw herself upon him without any dread, and finding his heart beat still, she fetched some water from the canal, and poured it on his head. Beast opened his eyes, and said to Beauty, "You forgot your promise, and I was so afflicted for having lost you, that I resolved to starve myself, but since I have the happiness of seeing you once more, I die satisfied."

"No, dear Beast," said Beauty, "you must not die. Live to be my husband; from this moment I give you my hand, and swear to be none but yours. Alas! I thought I had only a friendship for you, but the grief I now feel convinces me, that I cannot live without you." Beauty scarce had pronounced these words, when she saw the palace sparkle with light; and fireworks, instruments of music, everything seemed to give notice of some great event. But nothing could fix her attention; she turned to her dear Beast, for whom she trembled with fear; but how great was her surprise! Beast was disappeared, and she saw, at her feet, one of the loveliest princes that eye ever beheld; who returned her thanks for having put an end to the charm, under which he had so long resembled a Beast. Though this prince was worthy of all her attention, she could not forbear asking where Beast was.

"You see him at your feet, said the prince. A wicked fairy had condemned me to remain under that shape until a beautiful virgin should consent to marry me. The fairy likewise enjoined me to conceal my understanding. There was only you in the world generous enough to be won by the goodness of my temper, and in offering you my crown I can't discharge the obligations I have to you."

The Prince by PJ Lynch

             Beauty, agreeably surprised, gave the charming prince her hand to rise; they went together into the castle, and Beauty was overjoyed to find, in the great hall, her father and his whole family, whom the beautiful lady, that appeared to her in her dream, had conveyed thither.

"Beauty," said this lady, "come and receive the reward of your judicious choice; you have preferred virtue before either wit or beauty, and deserve to find a person in whom all these qualifications are united. You are going to be a great queen. I hope the throne will not lessen your virtue, or make you forget yourself. As to you, ladies," said the fairy to Beauty's two sisters, "I know your hearts, and all the malice they contain. Become two statues, but, under this transformation, still retain your reason. You shall stand before your sister's palace gate, and be it your punishment to behold her happiness; and it will not be in your power to return to your former state, until you own your faults, but I am very much afraid that you will always remain statues. Pride, anger, gluttony, and idleness are sometimes conquered, but the conversion of a malicious and envious mind is a kind of miracle."

The Fairy by Edmund Dulac 1910

Immediately the fairy gave a stroke with her wand, and in a moment all that were in the hall were transported into the prince's dominions. His subjects received him with joy. He married Beauty, and lived with her many years, and their happiness -- as it was founded on virtue -- was complete.

Janet and Anne Graham Johnstone 1977

•Source: The Young Misses Magazine, Containing Dialogues between a Governess and Several Young Ladies of Quality Her Scholars, by Madam Prince de Beaumont, 4th ed., v. 1 (London: C. Nourse, 1783), pp. 45-67. First published in 1756 in France under the title Magasin des enfans, ou dialogues entre une sage gouvernante et plusieure de ses élèves. The first English translation appeared in 1757.

•Spelling and punctuation revised by D. L. Ashliman.

Beauty & the Beast by PJ Lynch

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm adapted the tale with two different versions. The Summer and Winter Garden simply takes the original tale shortens it, to become an early bedtime adaptation. The omission of deeper plot and character developments fashion the tale in a way more accessible to children, there is no enchantress/fairy and the brief mention of Beauty’s sisters paints them benevolently. The Singing, Springing Lark repaints the entire tale. In this version the Beast is a Lion and the rose is a singing lark. The prince’s enchantment is known as he changes by night back into a human. Many elements expand the simple tale. There is another enchantment in this version that transforms the prince into a dove, there is a wicked princess and a sorcerer as well. Although these elements change the story significantly though the common thread of compassion is still present.

Eric Canete

Jim Henson combined elements of both The Summer and Winter Garden and The Singing, Springing Lark with another Grimm classic for his HBO program The Storyteller.  The Storyteller was produced as a nine part fairytale series in 1987 by HBO, this was perhaps a direct response to the success of Shelley Duvall’s Fairytale Theatre which began in 1982 on Showtime. While both programs found clever ways to present old tales Jim Henson combined elements of multiple stories to develop unique pieces, much in the tradition of The Brothers Grimm. The program utilized cutting edge artistry, pre CGI, to fashion puppets and surreal landscapes, creating a mystical and sometimes macabre world. The show, developed by Anthony Minghella explored folktales told throughout Europe. The Storyteller won multiple awards including an Emmy for Outstanding Programing for Children with an episode titled: Hans my Hedgehog, which in many ways payed homage to Beauty and the Beast. It is perhaps one of Jim Henson’s crowning achievements.

Jim Henson Studios 1987

“From an early German folk tale of the same name. A farmer's wife drives her husband mad with her desperate measures to have a baby. She says to him that she wants a child so badly, she would not care how he looked even if he were covered in quills like a hedgehog. That, of course, is what she gets: a baby covered in quills, as soft as feathers. His mother calls him 'Hans My Hedgehog' and she is the only one to love him; his father grows to hate him for shame. So eventually Hans leaves for a place where he cannot hurt anyone and where no-one can hurt him.

Jim Henson Studios 1987

           Deep inside the forest, for many years Hans dwells with his animals for companions. One day a king gets lost in Hans' forest and hears a beautiful song being played on a bagpipe. He follows the music and finds Hans' castle. When Hans helps him to escape the forest, the King promises that he will give to Hans the first thing to greet him at his castle - which the King secretly expects will be his dog. Instead, it turns out to be his beautiful daughter, the Princess of sweetness and cherry pie. Hans and the King have made a deal that in exactly one year and one day his prize (the princess) shall be his.

A year and one day later Hans returns to the castle. The princess says she knows what she must do. Hans asks her if she finds him ugly and she replies that he is not nearly as ugly as a broken promise. They are married, to the dismay of the entire kingdom. On their wedding night, the princess awaits her husband in bed. He comes into the chamber with his bagpipes and takes a seat by the fire and begins to play the same beautiful music that saved the king a year prior. The Princess is soothed by the music and dozes off. She wakes and finds a pelt of quills as soft as feathers on the ground before the fire. She sees her husband in the form of a handsome young man freeing the animals of the castle, to live with his friends in his forest castle. He knows she has seen him when he finds her slumbering on the discarded quills the following night. He tells her that he is bewitched and only if she can keep his secret for one more night can he be freed and remain in the form of the handsome man. She agrees.

Hans my Hedgehog by James Barker

      The next morning at breakfast the Queen inquires why her daughter is so cheerful. The Princess tries to resist but as her mother pries she gives in and tells her that Hans is bewitched. The Queen says that the only way to reverse the spell is to fling the quills in the fire. That night when Hans sheds his quills, she obeys her mother and burns them. She hears his screams of pain as if he were aflame, and Hans runs from the castle.

Hans my Hedgehog by Yael Albert

              The Princess has a blacksmith make her three pairs of solid iron shoes and slips away in search of her husband. She wears the shoes to nothing and moves on to the second pair, with still no sign of Hans. When she is donning the third pair of shoes, she finds a river and reclines by it, taking off the shoes and rubbing her sore feet. Catching sight of her reflection, she sees that her hair has grown white. She weeps bitterly for her hair and her husband, forever lost. The next day she comes to a cottage, abandoned, covered in dust and cobwebs. Then comes the flapping of wings and she sees her husband whom she had so long searched for. He toasts a glass of wine to no-one, "to the beautiful woman who could not keep her promise." She speaks to him and he becomes rigid and asks how she found him. She tells him. She tells him all of the perils that she has faced and how she has walked the world and worn through three pairs of iron shoes. Then she flings herself into his embrace and with her confession of love and loyalty, he transforms into the handsome man, the spell lifted by her fidelity and affection. The Storyteller states that he was given the final pair of the Princess' third pair of shoes which were worn down to nothing.”

 ---Wikipedia

'Transformation' by Rebecca Guay

            Modern culture has time and time again observed and recreated this tale. Outside of television there have been several motion picture attempts. The earliest, a French version, La Belle et la Bete was produced in 1946 and directed by Jean Cocteau. This film artistically inspired many other later versions, including Shelly Duvall’s Fairytale Theatre and the 1991 Disney Film. Cocteau’s 1946 film draws viewers into a dark and ominous world rich with gothic flare, a visual splendor and spectacle where the enchanted castle is every bit as foreboding as the cursed prince. This production utilized the canvas of black and white film making to remarkable effect. Many artistic choices developed by this film have been accepted and adapted into the story’s tradition. For instance, Cocteau’s film developed a suitor for Belle and anthropomorphized the enchanted objects within the castle, such as the candelabras. One cannot argue the similarity in the enchanted Disney character Lumiere. Jean Cocteau’s film richly paints a grand ballroom and the subtle intimacy between the beauty and the beast that will surely inspire every visual adaptation. The film in its entirety can be viewed here: Jean Cocteau’s Beauty and the Beast 

It would be hard to discuss the impact of this tale in modern culture and not refer to Disney’s 1991 masterpiece. Beauty and the Beast was first optioned by Walt Disney after the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves in 1937, then later in the 1950’s only to be shelved until the wild success of The Little Mermaid. Walt Disney Studios have from time to time been seriously criticized for deterring from source material. Disney’s Beauty and the Beast pays a distinct tribute to the source material as well as the Jean Cocteau film, it is 2^nd in what is called Disney Animation’s Golden Age, it was produced immediately after the success of The Little Mermaid. A large portion of the magic within this film can be attributed to the music which was composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman. During the development of the film Howard Ashman fought for the proper characterization of the beast, demanding the distinct attention. This was a quality he had brought to Disney’s The Little Mermaid in 1989, when he demanded that the title song ‘Part of your World’ not be cut. Ashman died eight months before the film was released due to Aids complications and the film was dedicated to his honor. The following words are found in the credits:  "To our friend Howard, who gave a mermaid her voice and a beast his soul, we will be forever grateful.”

Walt Disney Pictures 1991

        One of the most magical moments in this film is when Mrs. Potts voiced by Angela Lansbury sings the title song: Beauty and the Beast. It is the famous ballroom scene that captures the romantic element inspired by the Cocteau film. Angela Lansbury was apprehensive to sing the title song expressing her thought that someone else should do it. After the first take the studio was filled with tears. The beautiful version of the song that is heard in the film is that very first take. That title song along with the score went on to receive Academy Awards. The film itself was the first animated film in history to be nominated for Best Picture. Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film four stars, stating that it had managed to recapture the magic of Disney’s early films Snow White and the Seven Dwarves and Pinocchio. "Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers, musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment, too."

Walt Disney Pictures 1991

The Library of Congress selected the film in 2002 to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, (and)… aesthetically significant". In 1994 it was the first animated film to be turned into a successful Broadway Musical, a live action translation is also currently in development and set to be released in 2017 with Alan Menken returning to score the film.

Pathe Films 2014

         The most recent film adaptation of the tale La Belle et la Bête was developed for Franco-German audiences in 2014, written and directed by Christophe Gans. This film is based on the original Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve tale and follows it quite closely, borrowing as well  from the Jean Cocteau film. Aesthetically and visually this is the most powerful version of the tale to date. The story is all the more rich for being presented in its native French tongue.  

         Beauty and the Beast rests historically next to the likes of Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty but it is a fairytale unique to itself. The tale has at times been criticized for having an inappropriate message; the harsh attitude of the beast and the imprisonment of maiden is reviewed as oppressive towards women. These unsophisticated ideas poke around elements of an evolved fireside story. A deeper analysis of the original work and its adaptation will display the courage and compassion it takes to view someone’s soul purely and uninhibited. Beauty and the Beast is one of the most remarkable fairytales because it explores the deeper wisdom associated to compassion, not to be taken first by appearances, for true beauty lies within. It is crucial to understand that the Beast had no future until Beauty saw the human heart inside, and the Beauty’s heart was Beastly until she learned to see another’s soul.

Janet and Anne Graham Johnstone 1977

Source Material:

• La Belle Et La Bete, Pathe Films 2014
• La Belle Et La Bete, DisCina Films 1946
• Beauty & the Beast, Walt Disney Pictures 1991
• The Storyteller, Jim Henson Studios 1987
• IMDB.com
• Wikipedia.com
• Pinterest.com

The Stolen Child

Alexandra Sophie, Pinterest

The enigmatic world of faerie stretches throughout many cultures describing a vast and wide range of creatures. There are nature spirits and house goblins, water nixies and brownies, banshee and leprechaun. Each figure in their own right hold a claim to particular regions of the world and allegorically represent a history of superstition and tiny fears. Recently we've reviewed the role of the Tuatha de Danann, the various Celtic figures who emerge from their subterranean territories and toil with the human world. These figures such as the Sidhe, the Fir Darrig and Trooping Fairies are historical representatives of old Irish and Highlander legend. These tales of old world pre-Christian deities surely influenced the various beliefs of Changelings in Medieval Europe.

Changeling, Alan Lee 1976

The idea of the stolen child influenced various works by the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Anderson and J.M. Barrie, notably Barrie's Peter Pan. But long before childish daydreams and innocent nursery tales, beliefs of fairy intervention with children had more sinister outcomes. Ideas and myths surrounding Changelings are among some of the oldest fairy beliefs. Changelings represent a range of figures who are primarily interested in the affairs of human beings, most significantly with midwives, new-born babies and their mothers. They come to a household eager to possess a newborn child.

The Elves, by Walter Crane

"Mentions of the thefts of babies are to be found in the Medieval Chronicles of Ralph of Coggeshall and Gervase of Tilbury among others, through the Elizabethan and Jacobean times, and right down to the beginning of the...(20th) century. The fairies' normal method was to steal an unchristened child, who had not been given proper protection, out of the cradle and to leave a substitute in it's place. This 'changeling' was of various kinds. Sometimes it was a stock of wood roughly shaped into the likeness of a child and endowed by glamour with a temporary appearance of life, which soon faded, when the baby would appear to die and the stock would be duly buried. More often a fairy child who did not thrive would be left behind, while the coveted, beautiful human baby was taken. More often still the changeling would be an ancient, withered fairy, of no more use to the fairy tribe and willing to lead an easy life being cherished, fed and carried about by its anxious foster-mother, wailing and crying for food and attention in an apparent state of paralysis." --- Katherine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies

Puck, Richard Dadd 1840

The notion of Faeries entering one's household today is often viewed as childish fancy. The notion or speculation of such things in Medieval Europe had devastating consequences. The Malleus Maleficarum often referred to as The Hammer of the Witches was written by a German Catholic clergyman named Heinrich Kramer in 1486. This treatise on the persecution of witches utilized various folk legends and fear to systematically dispute arguments that claimed witchcraft did not exist. The book accounted for a wide variety of superstition including that of the changeling myth. The contents written by Heinrich Kramer are as follows:

 

Malleus Maleficarum Part 2

Chapter VIII

Certain Remedies prescribed against those Dark and Horrid Harms with which Devils may Afflict Men.

        Yet again we reserve our judgement in discussing the remedies against certain injuries to the fruits of the earth, which are caused by canker-worms, or by huge flights of locusts and other insects which cover vast areas of land, and seem to hide the surface of the ground, eating up everything to the very roots in the vineyards and devouring fields of ripe crops. In the same light too we consider the remedies against the stealing of children by the work of devils.
        But with regard to the former kind of injury we may quote S. Thomas, the Second of the Second, Question 90, where he asks whether it is lawful to adjure an irrational creature. He answers that it is; but only in the way of compulsion, by which it is sent back to the devil, who uses irrational creatures to harm us. And such is the method of adjuration in the exorcisms of the Church by which the power of the devil is kept away from irrational creatures. But if the adjuration is addressed to the irrational creature itself, which understands nothing, then it would be nugatory and vain. From this it can be understood that they can be driven off by lawful exorcisms and adjurations, the help of the Divine mercy being granted; but first the people should be bidden to fast and to go in procession and practice other devotions. For this sort of evil is sent on account of adulteries and the multiplication of crimes; wherefore men must be urged to confess their sins.
        In some provinces even solemn excommunications are pronounced; but then they obtain power of adjuration over devils.

         Another terrible thing which God permits to happen to men is when their own children are taken away from women, and strange children are put in their place by devils. And these children, which are commonly called changelings, or in the German tongue Wechselkinder, are of three kinds. For some are always ailing and crying, and yet the milk of four women is not enough to satisfy them. Some are generated by the operation of Incubus devils, of whom, however, they are not the sons, but of that man from whom the devil has received the semen as a Succubus, or whose semen he has collected from some nocturnal pollution in sleep. For these children are sometimes, by Divine permission, substituted for the real children.

         And there is a third kind, when the devils at times appear in the form of young children and attach themselves to the nurses. But all three kinds have this in common, that though they are very heavy, they are always ailing and do not grow, and cannot receive enough milk to satisfy them, and are often reported to have vanished away.
     
   And it can be said that the Divine pity permits such things for two reasons. First, when the parents dote upon their children too much, and this a punishment for their own good. Secondly, it is to be presumed that the women to whom such things happen are very superstitious, and are in many other ways seduced by devils. But God is truly jealous in the right sense of the word, which means a strong love for a man's own wife, which not only does not allow another man to approach her, but like a jealous husband will not suffer the hint or suspicion of adultery. In the same way is God jealous of the soul which He bought with His Precious Blood and espoused in the Faith; and cannot suffer it to be touched by, to converse with, or in any way to approach or have dealings with the devil, the enemy and adversary of salvation. And if a jealous husband cannot suffer even a hint of adultery, how much more will he be disturbed when adultery is actually committed! Therefore it is no wonder if their own children are taken away and adulterous children substituted.

***

These sinister words are a small example of the larger work, which aided in the brutal persecution of witches throughout the 16th and 17th Century. Clergymen in different regions of the world had various methods in the disposal of the accused devils, non of which were less devastating. Even as early as the 20th Century an infant child was abducted in Ireland by meddling neighbors who suspected a changeling. The child was placed upon a red-hot shovel in expectation that it would fly up the chimney. Work like the Malleus Maleficarum and general ignorance of unfamiliar sudden diseases such as infantile paralysis inspired households that this was the work of the Devil or God's divine intervention. Often victimized parents were offered strange advice to deal with their circumstances. They were advised to expose the fairy by beating it or casting it into the fire. Sometimes they were instructed to bathe the child in a solution of fox-glove, which is poisonous and deadly. In Denmark women were instructed to beat the fairy with a rod or throw it into a body of water so as to release the fairy. These hauntingly sinister activities were invented to more or less inspire the fairies to return a stolen child. On rare occasion they were instructed to treat the child kindly so theirs in return would receive the same attention.

A Changeling, PJ Lynch

Particular Welsh Faeries called the Tylwyth Teg, being fair-haired envied and coveted fair-haired children and infants. "The Tylwyth Teg have a fatal admiration for lovely children. Hence the abundant folk-lore concerning infants who have been stolen from their cradles, and a plentyn-newid (change-child---the equivalent of our changeling) left in it's place by the Tylwyth Teg. The plentyn-newid has the exact appearance of the stolen infant, at first; but its aspect speedily alters. It grows ugly of face, shriveled of form, ill-tempered, wailing, and generally frightful. It bites and strikes, and becomes a terror to the poor mother. Sometimes it is idiotic; but again it has a supernatural cunning, not only impossible in a mortal babe, but not even appertaining to the oldest heads, on other than fairy shoulders." --- W. Sikes, British Goblins

David Talley, Pinterest

Children were often abducted by the fairies for three reasons, the first to pay tithe to the Devil, to help populate the fairy stock, or simply because of their beauty. Often it was believed that the replacement babe was an elder fairy enchanted to appear like a baby. There were various methods for revealing the true nature of the changeling. One such method was to make the creature laugh and therefore trick it into betraying it's true age. There are multiple tales that tell of a Mother who suspected that her disagreeable child was not her own. She then learned of an old common trick, to take two dozen egg shells and place them upon the hearth, then by going through various motions of brewing the baby ceased it's crying and peered down from its cradle. The changeling broke out into a humorous rant, "I've seen the first acorn before the oak, but never have I seen brewing done in eggshells before!" In that moment the woman turned up the flame of the fire and cast the child upon it. The creature then flew up the chimney shrieking and filled with laughter, and then the true baby would be returned to the door. In some tales the child would not return and the parents would travel to a particular fairy dwelling, such as a fairy hill (,comparable to the Tuatha de Dannan) to retrieve their stolen child.

"And The Cloud of her Soul was Lifted"
Illustration from "The Poems of John Greenleaf Whittier"
Revised Edition, 1879, Riverside Press.

Fear and the precarious nature of these tales dwindled as they evolved to suit simple fireside tales. Changelings in myth involved more than just children. In lore we see beautiful women being taken as fairy wives, many legends therefore tell of the valiant husband who was/or wasn't successful in the undertaking of saving his wife. There is a rich culture of tales that see a nursing Mother taken by the fairies to nurse their own children, her breast milk offering particular nutrients that the fairy-child wouldn't otherwise receive. The Brothers Grimm have a few tales that honor the peculiar nature and myth surrounding creatures. Rumpelstiltskin represents a culmination of changeling myths as he is obsessed with the notion of possessing a human child. Some tales see a reversal on the enchantment. In the beautiful tale Hans My Hedgehog, a child is born, a beast-like creature who, part hedgehog understands that he is an enchanted being. He is a changeling of sorts and must wait for true love to release him from his plight. This is perhaps an early variant on Beauty and the Beast.

Rumpelstiltskin, Arthur Rackham

There is a wide range of contemporary fiction that has been dedicated to the further exploration of these creatures, most notably a novel by author Keith Donohue titled: The Stolen Child. This acclaimed 2006 debut novel is a haunting look at both perspectives of the changeling myth. The novel gives a first hand account of the human child stolen and the fairy-child forced to become a human. It is an emotional exploration of youth, as well as a coming of age tale established through unforeseen circumstances.

"I am a changeling---a word that describes within its own name what we are bound and intended to do. We kidnap a human child and replace him or her with one of our own. The hobgoblin becomes the child, and the child becomes a hobgoblin. Not any boy or girl will do, but only those rare souls baffled by their young lives or attuned to the weeping troubles of this world. The changelings select carefully, for such opportunities might only come along once a decade or so. A child who becomes a part of our society might have to wait a century before his turn in the cycle arrives, when he can become a changeling and reenter the human world"---Keith Donohue, The Stolen Child

Kate Bush by Steven Brown 1987

The most notable contribution to the changeling legend comes from William Butler Yeats first published in 1889 in The Wanderings of Oisin and other Poems:

The Stolen Child:

  Where dips the rocky highland
Of Sleuth Wood in the lake,
There lies a leafy island
Where flapping herons wake
The drowsy water rats;
There we've hid our faery vats,
Full of berrys
And of reddest stolen cherries.
Come away, O human child!
To the waters and the wild
With a faery, hand in hand,
For the world's more full of weeping than you can understand.

Where the wave of moonlight glosses
The dim gray sands with light,
Far off by furthest Rosses
We foot it all the night,
Weaving olden dances
Mingling hands and mingling glances
Till the moon has taken flight;
To and fro we leap
And chase the frothy bubbles,
While the world is full of troubles
And anxious in its sleep.
Come away, O human child!
To the waters and the wild
With a faery, hand in hand,
For the world's more full of weeping than you can understand.

Where the wandering water gushes
From the hills above Glen-Car,
In pools among the rushes
That scarce could bathe a star,
We seek for slumbering trout
And whispering in their ears
Give them unquiet dreams;
Leaning softly out
From ferns that dropp their tears
Over the young streams.
Come away, O human child!
To the waters and the wild
With a faery, hand in hand,
For the world's more full of weeping than you can understand.

Away with us he's going,
The solemn-eyed:
He'll hear no more the lowing
Of the calves on the warm hillside
Or the kettle on the hob
Sing peace into his breast,
Or see the brown mice bob
Round and round the oatmeal chest.
For he comes, the human child,
To the waters and the wild
With a faery, hand in hand,
For the world's more full of weeping than he can understand.

William Butler Yeats 

***

Source Material:

• An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Katherine Briggs, Pantheon Books, New York 1976
• The Vanishing People: Fairy Lore and Legends, Katherine Briggs, Pantheon Books, New York 1978
• British Goblins, W. Sikes, The Lost Library, Glastonbury England, First Published by Sampson Low in 1880
• Malleus Maleficarum, Sacred-texts.com
• Poemhunter.com
• The Stolen Child, Keith Donohue, Anchor Books, New York